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This work addresses the role of global value chains (GVCs), workforce skills, [information and communication technology] ICT, innovation and industry structure in explaining employment levels of routine and non-routine occupations. The analysis encompasses 28 OECD countries over the period 2000-2011. It relies on a new country-specific measure of routine intensity built using individual-level information from the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) survey, as well as on new industry-level Trade in Value Added (TiVA) indicators of offshoring and domestic outsourcing. The results suggest that employment in all types of occupations positively relate to innovation. With respect to offshoring patterns, a positive correlation is observed between the offshoring of inputs and domestic outsourcing with more routine-intensive jobs. Taken together, the results point to the existence of complex interactions between the routine content of occupations, skills, technology and trade, which do not allow for a neat identification of 'winners' and 'losers' in a GVC context.

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This thesis investigates the effect of technological change on employment structure and labour demand in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) catching-up countries. The results indicated that compared to Western Europe these countries are rather characterised by similar technology within industries and differ in terms of their industry structure. Microeconometric analysis on Estonian data demonstrated that technological change (product or process innovations) has a positive but insignificant effect on employment. While exporting to developed countries has on the one hand directly reduced the skill demand, it has on the other hand acted as a technology diffusion channel and increased the skill demand. The impact of technological change on overall employment is estimated to be much more positive. The innovation activity has a positive effect on employment at the firm and industry level. This thesis proposes also two novel empirical estimation strategies for the analysis of these issues.

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This paper focuses on Australia's changing industrial structure, concentrating on the development of economic activity in various industrial sectors. Reviewing the growth in output and employment within these sectors, it outlines how these trends have impacted on the industries' relative contributions to the economy as a whole. Recognising that changes in trade patterns are key elements in structural economic change, the paper also analyses changing trends in Australia's trade, with particular emphasis on changes of export orientation in the manufacturing sector. Finally, the paper looks at high technology industries, which had driven much of the recent growth in world economies, examining Australia's performance in this area, again with particular emphasis on manufacturing industries. Show less

The Green Transformation Cycle, a new data-driven framework developed by Jobs for the Future in partnership with the Burning Glass Institute (BGI), is intended to support progress to a green economy by prioritizing environmental sustainability as well as equitable economic advancement. Underpinning the framework is, first and foremost, an expansive look at green jobs and the skills shaping them. Our approach - based on an analysis of nearly 200 million online job postings - demonstrates that when the integration of current green skills into various occupations is considered, green jobs are more prevalent than commonly thought. Application of this framework shows that many jobs that have not historically been considered green have, in fact, integrated green skills.

This report intends to leverage the Green Transformation Cycle to illustrate the economic transformation currently underway, and to better shape workforce training programs, employer talent pipelines, and emerging green economy legislation to support the urgency of a just transition to a green economy. Additional personal insights from workers and experts we interviewed who are navigating the green economy firsthand, along with an informed exploration of job quality, skills training, and other trends in their fields, contribute to our final recommendations.

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This report looks into the impact of the accelerated application of automation and digitisation technologies on the wage and tasks structure of employment in Europe. Despite the high level of uncertainty of these projections, the contribution of this report is to extend the analysis beyond just the technologically feasible substitution of workers by machines by incorporating some economics to the analysis. This includes the macroeconomic feasibility of the investment cost of automation, the multiplier effects of loss of demand - not only because of initial job loss, but also as a result of the shift away from other labour incomes - and job creation in the supply chain emanating from the increased demand for information and communications technology (ICT) equipment. The analysis is carried out using the E3ME macroeconometric model, which provides information on sectoral impacts, together with the Warwick Labour Market Extension model for occupational analysis. Further analysis of the employment developments in Europe is undertaken using Eurofound's European Jobs Monitor.

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Industry restructuring presents TAFE with its greatest ever challenge. The challenge includes: (1) having a thorough understanding of what is meant by industry restructuring and the reason why it is taking place (2) responding to the training needs arising from restructuring (3) revising curricula (4) satisfying the continuing education needs of teaching staff (5) providing a service to industry/commerce. This publication provides extracts from TAFE National Centre for Research and Development published material covering these components. The contents are: Industry restructuring and TAFE / William Hall and Geoff Hayton; Training for integrated manufacturing: a review of recent literature / Geoff Hayton and Mohammed Harun; Translation of labour market needs into training responses / Geoff Hayton; Training needs analysis / Geoff Hayton, Terry Clark, Maurice Hayes, Hugh Guthrie; TAFE/industry partnership / William Hall; Open learning / William Hall; Articulated training: a model for the building industry / Laurie Wallace, Hugh Guthrie, Geoff Hayton; The school of hard knocks / Peter Thomson; Teaching the social implications of technological change / William Hall; The continuing education needs of academic staff: full-time TAFE lecturers / William Hall; Marketing TAFE: effective public relations and marketing for the TAFE system / Peter Cutter, Diana MacRae, Michael Oliphant, Tina Scott; Performance indicators / Hugh Guthrie. Show less

This paper contributes to a better understanding of the impact of global value chains (GVCs) on jobs and productivity by providing new evidence on employment embodied in value-added trade flows. Linking jobs data to the Trade in Value-Added (TiVA) indicators first highlights that a large share of employment in OECD and key partner countries relies on consumption taking place abroad and for most countries this share has increased between 1995 and 2011. There are differences across industries in the share of jobs embodied in exports but in all industries a majority of these jobs originates in the service sector. In almost all countries, the jobs embodied in exports are shifting towards high-skill and medium-skill occupations.

Within GVCs, there is also a shift from employment in core manufacturing activities to employment in service support functions such as R&D, distribution, logistics, marketing, sales and customer services. The impact of GVCs on the number of people engaged in each industry is the combination of several factors but related to specialisation patterns and the evolution of productivity. In this assessment, it is important to look at the whole value chain and not to focus only on industries where GVCs are prevalent. Job creation in sectors less exposed to GVCs is the consequence of productivity gains in sectors the most integrated in GVCs.

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The State Employment Task Force was established by the Western Australian Government in 1983. One function of the Task Force is to review and make recommendations on the existing state administrative machinery pertaining to employment and training. This report sets out to examine the present administrative arrangements for industrial training in Western Australia, with a view to proposing alternative arrangements more attuned to the industrial economy of the state. It covers: (1) the role of vocational education and training in the state's economic and social development; (2) historical and political overview; (3) features and inadequacies of current industrial training; (4) recommendations.

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The tripartite sectoral meetings comprising representatives of governments, employers and workers, are held to discuss current employment and labour issues of importance in the industry concerned and to provide guidance for action, at national and international levels, by employers’ and workers’ organisations, governments and the ILO itself. This report was prepared by ILO as a basis for discussions at the Tripartite Meeting on the Construction Industry in the Twenty-first Century: Its Image, Employment Prospects and Skill Requirements. The main theme of the report is changing employment relationships and industrial structures in the construction industry and their impact on the quality of employment in the industry. It is presented in five chapters: the first chapter looks at the global picture of construction output and employment; chapter two focuses on the recent changes in employment relationships and the industrial structure; chapter three discusses the implications of the changes in the employment relationships, particularly upon collective bargaining, social security, safety and health, and training and skill formation; chapter four tackles the issue of how to raise the image of the industry and make construction work more attractive to young people; and the final chapter summarises the points discussed in the report and suggests points for discussion at the meeting. Show less

For the first time, utilising quantitative data and qualitative feedback from national workshops and presentations, this report identifies the equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI) challenges facing the technical community in UK higher education and provides sector recommendations to advance equality, diversity and inclusion for all. Historically, initiatives to advance equality, diversity and inclusion in higher education have focused on the academic and research community. It is vital to appreciate that EDI challenges do not just apply to these staff groups.

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